AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF ANY MINUTE

This research is an annotated translation. The object of the research is an English novel entitled Any Minute. The problems of the research are: 1) What are the difficulties the translator/researcher encountered during the process of translating the novel Any Minute? and 2) What are the solutions for those problems/difficulties? The objectives of this research are: a) to attain factual information concerning the problems/difficulties faced by the researcher and b) to solve the problems/difficulties in the course of translating the source text. In this annotated translation research, the translator/researcher uses the introspective and retrospective methods. The result and analysis reveal that there are 2 words, 8 phrases, 2 clauses, 8 sentences, and 5 idioms from the 25 data of the aspects of languages analyzed that were difficult for the translator/researcher. Those difficulties were at the same time became the problems of the translator/researcher. The solutions of the problems were attained by the annotation or analysis done relevant to the translation strategies and translation theories.


INTRODUCTION
In this research, the researcher wants to find out the solution of the problems/difficulties that are faced by the researcher/translator during the translation process. During the translation process, the researcher/translator identifies problems/difficulties in translating all aspects of languages. The problems/difficulties that are found in the process of translating are marked down. The aspects of languages among others are changing cohesion, adding information, naturalizing, altering the level of explicitness and emphasis on stylistic appropriateness. The study that the researcher/translator has done is an annotated translation.
The annotated translation is chosen by the researcher/translator so as to widen his experience on translation. During the process of translating, problems have emerged from the source as well as the target text. The problems encountered are It is important to carry out this research as an annotated translation applies in practical sense the theories that the researcher/translator has studied namely, theories of translation and theories of the English language and the Indonesian language.
Furthermore, this research deepens the researcher's ability in analyzing the English language and the Indonesian language in line with the translation strategies.
The novel 'Any Minute' is taken to be translated because it was written by Joyce Meyer and Deborah Bedford. Joyce Meyer is number one New York Times bestselling author that has written more than eighty inspirational books. Deborah Bedford is an award-winning author whose novels have been published in fifteen different countries and a dozen different languages except Indonesian.

LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Alan Duff (1990, p.10-11) there are six principles of translation: (a) Meaning. The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though occasionally part of the meaning can be transposed.
(b) Form. The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely as possible. But differences of language structure often require changes in the form and order of words.
(c) Register. Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in given context. To resolve these differences the translator must distinguish between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions.
(d) Source language influence. One of the most frequently criticisms of translation is that 'it doesn't sound natural'.
(e) Style and clarity. The translator should not change the style of the original. -Retain the original word, in inverted commas.
-Retain the original expression, with literal explanation in brackets.
-Use a close equivalent.
-Use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation.
According to William and Chesterman as cited in Gabr (2000), the translation strategies to solve problems commonly entered in a text are as follows: 1. Syntactic strategies such as shifting the word-class, changing the clause or sentence structure, adding or changing cohesion: -Shifting the word-class -Changing the phrase structure -Changing the clause structure -Changing the sentence structure -Adding cohesion -Changing cohesion 2. Semantic strategies such as using hyponyms or super-ordinates and altering the level of abstraction/implicitness -Hyponyms or super-ordinates -Altering the level of abstraction -Redistributing the information over more or fewer elements. 3. Pragmatic strategies such as naturalizing or exoticizing, altering the level of explicitness, adding or omitting information.
-Naturalizing or exoticizing -Altering the level of explicitness -Adding information -Omitting information 4. Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness throughout the translation stage is worth noting. (Hatim,1990) Emphasized are features such as: -The choice of oral mode.
-The choice of written mode.
-The role of sociolinguistic and situational factor.
-The selection of appropriate genre and type of discourse.
-Appropriate language varieties or styles.
-The choice of formal features and lexical items. Munday citing Catford (2008) suggested: 1. Level shift would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another. 2. Category shifts are divided into four kinds of shifts. They are: a) Structural shift. It occurs if the elements in the TL are different from the SL or if the elements orders in the TL are different from SL. Structure shifts may occur in all language units: the unit of phrases, clauses, and sentences. b) Class shift. These comprise shifts from one part of speech to another. c) Unit shifts or rank shifts. These are shifts where the translation equivalent in the TL is at a different rank to the SL. 'Rank' here refers to the hierarchical linguistics units of sentence, clause, group, word, and morpheme. d) Intra-system shifts. These are shifts that take place when the SL and TL possess approximately corresponding systems but where 'the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.' (p.60-61)

RESEARCH METHOD
This research belongs to the area of analysis of the original and source text which covers a study on annotated translation. Introspective and retrospective research are included in this annotated translation study. Introspective method is carried out when "…the process of observing and reflecting on one's thoughts, feelings, motives, reasoning processes, and mental states with a view to determining the ways in which these processes and states determine our behavior." (Nunan, 1992, p.115). In order to have a systematic research, the researcher will use the following guideline: 1) The source text is read thoroughly to give a full understanding of the content. Independently, the researcher translates the source text (English) into the target text (Indonesian).
2) At the same time, he marks down the words, phrases, sentences of any other language components that have become a problem in the process of translating.
3) During the course of translating the text, the translator/researcher regularly consults his advisor to discuss problems he encounters referring to the task undertaken.
4) These problematic items should be analyzed and the researcher/translator then should give plausible reasons to the solving of these problems. 5) Among the problems found during the process of translation, the translator/researcher has taken only the most crucial ones due to the limited time allotted.
During the process of translating the source text, the translator/researcher collects the data being investigated. The collected data will then be categorized

RESULT OF THE RESEARCH
During translating the source text, the researcher has found many difficulties.
However, in this section, the researcher has only taken items that are the most difficult problems to be annotated. These items are grouped into 5 categories namely words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and idioms.
Joe got tickets to that? the phrase …to that… is not translated into …untuk itu… as seen in Joe punya tiket untuk itu? Because in the story, the ticket that the character suggests is a ticket for a baseball game where his favorite baseball team,The Cubs, is going to play against other team that has been metioned in the previous sentences.
The changing cohesion is needed in order to give clearer meaning in the translation thus …to that… is translated into …pertandingan Cubs… as seen in Joe punya tiket pertandingan Cubs? Based on the meaning, the translator translates the phrase …without giving a second glance… into its natural translation namely …sekali saja… as seen in Dia memeriksa sekali saja lipstiknya dengan cermin yang hterdapat di pelindung sinar matahari.

Translation strategy:
Pragmatic strategy: Naturalizing namely…without giving a second glance… is translated into …sekali saja…. She'd be the last to leave the parking lot. is suggested that the character is the last person who leaves the parking lot and this situation is suggested using the partikellah in the translated text in order to give the same meaning and situation as in the source text. Thus, She'd be the last… is translated into Dialah orang terakhir… and the complete translation is Dialah orang terakhir yang meninggalkan tempat parkir.

C. Sentences
His mind must have gone back to his mother again. is not literally translated into Pikirannya pasti kembali ke ibunya lagi. as it does not sound natural. Because in the story, Mitchell is watching a baseball game with his father and they are waiting for Sarah who has promised them to come. But as the game begins she has not shown up and Mitchell always tries to find her in the crowds hoping that her mother will come.
Thus, the natural translation is Dia pasti memikirkan ibunya lagi. that is shorter than the source text.

Translation Strategy:
Pragmatic strategies: a) Naturalizing namely His mind must have gone back to his mother again. into Dia pasti memikirkan ibunya lagi.
b) Too few words namely a sentence that consists of 10 words His mind must have gone back to his mother again. into a sentence that consists of 5 words Dia pasti memikirkan ibunya lagi.

Source Text Target Text
His mind must have gone back to his mother again.
Dia pasti memikirkan ibunya lagi. Translation Theories: Duff (1981) suggested, "The fact that a translation may be longer or shorter than the original is not, in itself, a reflection on the quality of the translation." (p.22).

If in the sentence This evening is out of the question. is literally translated into
Malam ini di luar pertanyaan. The translation does not sound natural. In the story, the character wants to explain to her client that she already has an appointment with her husband and son in the evening and she has promised to them. This suggests that she could not change his schedule for the evening thus the natural translation is Malam ini saya benar-benar tidak bisa.
Translation strategy: Pragmatic strategy: Naturalizing namely, This evening is out of the question into Malam ini saya benar-benar tidak bisa.

D. Idioms
In the data above, …she'd be talking nineteen to the dozen… contains an idiomatic expression …talking nineteen to the dozen… which means …terus berbicara…, thus …she'd be talking nineteen to the dozen… is translated into a non-idiomatic expression or plain prose translation namely…dia akan terus berbicara … Translation strategy: Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness such as the selection of appropriate genre and type of discourse, namely …talking nineteen to the dozen… is translated into nonidiomatic expression …terus berbicara...

Translation theories:
Larson (1984)  Sort of like getting up on the wrong side of the bed. contains an idiom namely … getting up on the wrong side of the bed… which means that someone seems grouchy on a particular day, thus the idiom …getting up on the wrong side of the bed… is translated into a non-idiomatic expression or plain prose translation namely…bangun dengan uring-uringan… as seen in Seperti bangun dengan uringuringan.
Translation strategy: Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness such as the selection of appropriate genre and type of discourse, namely getting up on the wrong side of the bed… is translated into non-idiomatic expression …bangun dengan uring-uringan… Translation Strategy: Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness: The selection of appropriate genre and type of discourse, namely …closing this deal… is translated into non-idiomatic expression …mencapai titik akhir… the difficulties and to overcome the difficulties. In this study, the researcher has encountered problems in translating sentences, clauses, phrases, words, and idioms.
From the data collected, the translator/researcher had chosen data that were the most difficult to be annotated. The data were classified into words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and idioms. In analyzing the problems, the researcher/translator had applied the relevant theories of translation and theories of languages (English and Indonesian) in order to give the best solution.
In the annotation of the data collected, the researcher applies the translation strategies that suitable for the problems/difficulties arisen from the data. The translation strategies are: syntactic strategies (shifting the word class, changing the phrase structure, and adding or changing cohesion), semantic strategies (redistributing more or fewer elements, and emphasis change), pragmatic strategies (naturalizing or exoticizing, altering the level of explicitness, and adding or omitting information),